Was Johnny Truant Alive House of Leaves Baby

2000 novel past Mark Z. Danielewski

House of Leaves
Beginning-edition cover
Author	Marker Z. Danielewski
Country	United States
Genre	Horror Romance Satire Postmodernism
Publisher	Pantheon, Random House
Publication date	March seven, 2000
Media type	Print (paperback and hardcover)
Pages	709 (paperback)
ISBN	0-375-70376-4
Followed by	The Whalestoe Letters

House of Leaves is the debut novel by American author Mark Z. Danielewski, published in March 2000 by Pantheon Books. A bestseller, information technology has been translated into a number of languages, and is followed by a companion piece, The Whalestoe Messages.

The plot is centered on a (possibly fictional) documentary nearly a family whose house is impossibly larger on the inside than the outside. The format and structure of House of Leaves is anarchistic, with unusual folio layout and style, making it a prime case of ergodic literature.^[1] ^[two] It contains copious footnotes, many of which incorporate footnotes themselves, including references to fictional books, films or articles.^[3] In contrast, some pages incorporate just a few words or lines of text, arranged in strange means to mirror the events in the story, frequently creating both an agoraphobic and a claustrophobic upshot. At points, the volume must be rotated to be read. The novel is also distinctive for its multiple narrators, who collaborate with each other in elaborate and disorienting ways.

While some have attempted to describe the book equally a horror story, many readers, as well as the writer, define the book equally a love story. Danielewski expands on this signal in an interview: "I had one woman come up up to me in a bookstore and say, 'You know, anybody told me it was a horror book, but when I finished information technology, I realized that information technology was a dear story.' And she'due south absolutely correct. In some ways, genre is a marketing tool."^[4] Firm of Leaves has too been described as a "satire of bookish criticism."^[v]

Plot summary [edit]

House of Leaves begins with a first-person narrative by Johnny Truant, a Los Angeles tattoo parlor employee and professed unreliable narrator. Truant is searching for a new apartment when his friend Lude tells him about the apartment of the recently deceased Zampanò, a blind, elderly man who lived in Lude's apartment building.

In Zampanò'due south apartment, Truant discovers a manuscript written by Zampanò that turns out to be an bookish study of a documentary film called The Navidson Record directed by an acclaimed photojournalist named Will Navidson, though Truant says he tin find no bear witness that the film or its subjects ever existed.

The balance of the novel incorporates several narratives, including Zampanò'southward written report on the (perhaps fictional) film; Truant's autobiographical interjections; a small transcript of part of the film from Navidson'southward blood brother, Tom; a small transcript of interviews of many people regarding The Navidson Record by Navidson's partner, Karen; and occasional brief notes by unidentified editors, all woven together by a mass of footnotes. There is too another narrator, Truant'south mother, whose vocalism is presented through a self-independent set of messages titled The Whalestoe Messages. Each narrator's text is printed in a distinct font, making information technology easier for the reader to follow the occasionally challenging format of the novel (Truant in Courier New in the footnotes, and the main narrative in Times New Roman in the American version, the unnamed editors are in Bookman, and the letters from Johnny's mother are in Dante).

The Navidson Record [edit]

Zampanò'southward narrative deals primarily with the Navidson family unit: Will Navidson, a photojournalist (partly based on Kevin Carter); his partner, Karen Light-green, an attractive old fashion model; and their 2 children, Chad and Daisy. Navidson's blood brother, Tom, and several other characters too play a function later in the story. The Navidson family has recently moved into a new domicile in Virginia.

Upon returning from a trip to Seattle, the Navidson family unit discovers a change in their home: a cupboard-like space shut backside an undecorated door appears inexplicably where previously at that place was only a blank wall. A second door appears at the stop of the closet, leading to the children's room. Every bit Navidson investigates this phenomenon, he finds that the internal measurements of the house are somehow larger than external measurements. Initially at that place is less than an inch of divergence, just as time passes the interior of the house seems to aggrandize while maintaining the same exterior proportions. A third and more extreme modify asserts itself: a dark, common cold hallway opens in an exterior living room wall that should project outside into their yard, but does not. Navidson films the outside of the firm to show where the hallway should be simply clearly is non. The filming of this anomaly comes to be referred to every bit "The Five and a Half Minute Hallway". This hallway leads to a maze-like complex, starting with a large room (the "Anteroom"), which in turn leads to a truly enormous space (the "Smashing Hall"), a room primarily distinguished by an enormous spiral staircase which appears, when viewed from the landing, to screw downwards without end. There is likewise a multitude of corridors and rooms leading off from each passage. All of these rooms and hallways are completely unlit and featureless, consisting of smooth ash-greyness walls, floors, and ceilings. The only sound disturbing the perfect silence of the hallways is a periodic low growl, the source of which is never fully explained, although an academic source "quoted" in the volume hypothesizes that the growl is created by the frequent re-shaping of the house.

In that location is some discrepancy as to where "The Five and a One-half Infinitesimal Hallway" appears. It is quoted by different characters at different times to accept been located in each of the cardinal directions. This kickoff happens when Zampanò writes that the hallway is in the western wall (folio 57), directly contradicting an earlier page where the hallway is mentioned to be in the northern wall (page iv); Johnny'south footnotes point out the contradiction.

Navidson, along with his brother Tom and some colleagues, feel compelled to explore, photograph, and videotape the business firm's seemingly countless series of passages, somewhen driving various characters to insanity, murder, and death. Ultimately, Will releases what has been recorded and edited as The Navidson Record.

Volition and Karen purchase the firm because their relationship is becoming strained with Will'southward piece of work-related absences. While Karen is always adamantly confronting spousal relationship (claiming that she values her liberty above anything else), she always finds herself missing and needing Volition when he is gone: "And withal even though Karen keeps Republic of chad from overfilling the mold or Daisy from cutting herself with the scissors, she notwithstanding cannot resist looking out the window every couple of minutes. The sound of a passing truck causes her to glance away" (pages 11–12).

Zampanò's narrative includes references to Stephen King, Stanley Kubrick, Douglas Hofstadter, Ken Burns, Harold Flower, Camille Paglia, Hunter Thompson, Anne Rice, and Jacques Derrida to betoken that the Navidsons' story achieved international notoriety.

Many of the references in Zampanò's footnotes, however, are existent, existing both within his earth and the world outside the novel. For instance, several times Zampanò cites an actual Time-Life volume, Planet Earth: Undercover Worlds (folio 125).

Johnny'south story [edit]

An next story line develops in Johnny'southward footnotes, detailing what is progressing in Johnny's life as he is assembling the narrative. It remains unclear if Johnny's obsession with the writings of Zampanò and subsequent delusions, paranoia, etc. are the effect of drug apply, insanity, or the effects of Zampanò's writing itself. Johnny recounts tales of his various sexual encounters, his animalism for a tattooed dancer he calls Thumper, and his bar-hopping with Lude throughout diverse footnotes. The reader likewise slowly learns more most Johnny's childhood living with an abusive foster father, engaging in violent fights at schoolhouse, and of the origin of Johnny's mysterious scars (page 505). More information virtually Johnny can exist gleaned from the Whalestoe Letters, letters his mother Pelafina wrote from The Three Attic Whalestoe Establishment. Though Pelafina's letters and Johnny's footnotes comprise similar accounts of their by, their memories besides differ profoundly at times, due to both Pelafina's and Johnny's questionable mental states. Pelafina was placed in the mental establishment later supposedly attempting to strangle Johnny, only to be stopped by her husband. She remained at that place afterward Johnny's father's death. Johnny claims that his female parent meant him no harm and claimed to strangle him only to protect him from missing her. It is unclear, even so, if Johnny's statements almost the incident—or whatever of his other statements, for that matter—are factual.

The Whalestoe Messages [edit]

This story is included in an appendix near the cease of the book, every bit well as in its own, self-contained book (with additional content included in the self-contained version). Information technology consists of Johnny'south mother'south letters to him from a psychiatric hospital. The letters starting time off fairly normal but Pelafina speedily descends into paranoia and the letters become more and more breathless. In that location are also secret messages in the letters which can exist decoded past combining the get-go letters of sequent words.

Characters [edit]

Johnny's story [edit]

Johnny Truant [edit]

Johnny Truant serves a dual function, as principal editor of Zampanò's academic written report of The Navidson Record and protagonist equally revealed through footnotes and appendices.

In the offset of the book, Truant appears to exist a normal, reasonably attractive young man who happens upon a body total of notes left behind by the now deceased Zampanò. As Truant begins to practice the editing, nonetheless, he begins to lose the tenuous grip he has on reality, and his life begins to erode around him. He stops bathing, rarely eats, stops going to work, and distances himself from essentially everyone, all in pursuit of organizing the book into a finished work that, he hopes, will finally bring him peace.

Initially intrigued by Zampanò's isolative tendencies and surreal sense of reality, Johnny unknowingly sets himself upward equally a victim to the daunting task that awaits him. As he begins to organize Zampanò'south manuscripts, his personal footnotes detail the deterioration of his ain life with coordinating references to alienation and insanity: once a trespasser to Zampanò's mad realm, Truant seems to become more comfy in the environment as the story unfolds. He even has hallucinations that parallel those of Zampanò and members of the house search team when he senses "...something inhuman..." behind him (folio 26).

Zampanò [edit]

Zampanò is the blind author of The Navidson Tape. Approximately eighty years old at the fourth dimension of his death, he is recognized by his neighbors every bit "eccentric" and "crazy." He was known to use the services of volunteers (exclusively female) from local customs centers to come to his apartment and read books to him. While little information is given explicitly most Zampanò's past, incomprehension, or personality, Johnny'south introduction does state that Zampanò went blind former in the 1950s. Zampanò also suffers from graphomania.

Danielewski fabricated Zampanò blind as a reference to blind authors Homer, John Milton and Jorge Luis Borges.^[six]

Pelafina H. Lièvre [edit]

Pelafina, more unremarkably referred to as simply "P.", is Johnny's institutionalized female parent who appears in the appendix to the text. Her story is more fully developed in The Whalestoe Letters.

Minor characters in Johnny'due south story [edit]

Lude: Johnny Truant's best friend, Lude is also the one that informs him of Zampanò's vacant flat. Lude is a minor character, but some of his characteristics and deportment are of import in understanding Johnny. Lude assists Johnny many times in obtaining phone numbers of girls when they visit bars, clubs, and restaurants. Several times, Johnny mentions that he wishes he had not answered Lude's phone call late at dark. Every time Johnny and Lude are together they seem to involve themselves in hard situations. He is killed in a motorcycle accident nigh the end of the novel.

Thumper: A stripper who is a regular client of the tattoo parlour where Truant works. Although Johnny has encounters with many women, he remains fixated on Thumper throughout. Thumper's real name is somewhen revealed to Johnny, but never to the reader.

The Navidson Record [edit]

Will Navidson [edit]

Will is the central character in The Navidson Record subplot of the novel. A stint in the army early on in his life leads him to a very successful career as a photographer, primarily in war-torn parts of the earth; his role every bit an impartial documentarist of state of war affects him deeply. After in his life, he moves to the eponymous firm (located in the southeastern Virginia countryside), in an endeavor to notice "[a] place to drink lemonade and picket the sun gear up", a place to "one time and for all stay in and explore the quieter side of life" (folio 9). However, the unnatural events that occur thereafter have a profound effect upon him and his human relationship with his partner, Karen.

Karen Green [edit]

Karen is Will'southward partner and a onetime fashion model. She suffers from claustrophobia, and throughout the novel refuses to enter the labyrinth within her house. She besides seems to exist extremely insecure regarding her relationship with Will; he is 'her rock,' though it is confirmed that she had at to the lowest degree 3 long-term affairs during the class of their relationship. Curiously, the events of the novel but seem to reduce her dependence on Will (as well as contributing to the eventual dissolution of their human relationship). It is speculated that, during Karen'south babyhood, her stepfather once took Karen and her sis into a befouled in their backyard, putting one sis in a well while he raped the other, and vice versa. This issue is widely considered to be the cause of her claustrophobia. However, several footnotes and comments about the incident question this claim (another of many examples of the use of an unreliable narrator in the novel). In the aftermath of the events in the business firm, she becomes an unlikely editor, approaching many real characters (including Stephen Male monarch, Stanley Kubrick, Hunter S. Thompson, Douglas Hofstadter, Harold Bloom, and Jacques Derrida) for annotate on The Navidson Record, albeit comment within the fictional universe of the novel. Eventually, she is reunited with Navidson after she conquers her claustrophobia and saves him from the abyss of the labyrinth.

Tom Navidson [edit]

Tom is Will Navidson's somewhat estranged twin brother; Tom is a carpenter with substance habit bug, who is markedly less successful than Volition in his personal and professional life. Afterward approximately viii years of little contact, Volition contacts Tom when he notices that his house is larger on the within than the outside. A section of the novel, called "Tom's Story", is a partial transcript of documentary evidence and radio communication with the outside globe during his vigil within the labyrinth, which he spends alone with his radio, waiting for Will. This section is referred to in the book as a "sometimes funny, sometimes bizarre history of thoughts passing abroad in the atrocity of that darkness" (page 252). He often refers to "Mr. Monster" and many of the jokes and anecdotes he provides are religious in nature. However, in a examination of his true grapheme, he bravely saves Will's kids from being swallowed by the house before existence swallowed himself.

Billy Reston [edit]

Baton is an engineer and a friend of Will'due south, whom Will enlists early in the story to assistance him attempt to find a rational explanation for the firm'due south oddities. Billy uses a wheelchair, having been paralyzed from the waist downward in a freak engineering accident in India; Will happened to be on the scene and took a photo of Billy moments before he became paralyzed. Baton came across the photograph after his blow and kept it equally a reminder that he was fortunate to have survived. Once the business firm's irregularities become more extreme, Baton joins Will and Tom in a thorough assay; later on Holloway and his men get missing, Billy insists on joining Will on the rescue mission, navigating the maze in his wheelchair. He somewhen saves Will and Holloway's men from Holloway by engaging in a firefight with him, holding him back long plenty for the firm to "consume" Holloway. Billy survives the journey into the maze, but suffers persistent cold spells afterward besides as sustaining damage to his wheelchair.

Holloway Roberts [edit]

Holloway is an experienced explorer whom Will contacts in an endeavour to properly explore the labyrinth beneath his house. Holloway is presented every bit the consummate outdoorsman: He has successfully engaged in numerous expeditions which would have killed normal men, and is an adept in all forms of survivalist equipment, from spelunking gear to firearms. He engages in 2 cursory explorations of the labyrinth before deciding to have his men on a third, prolonged expedition, prior to which they load themselves up with enough nutrient and water to last several days and enough provisions to—they believe—safely guide them dorsum home. During the course of this exploration, Holloway reaches the bottom of the Peachy Staircase and becomes deranged due to finding nothing merely more empty hallways. The firm'south bizarre architecture leads him to believe an image he sees downwardly a hall is the "monster" stalking them when, in fact, he is really looking at his ain men; he shoots i of them, and, upon realizing what he has done, suffers a complete psychological breakdown and tries to murder them. Eventually, the business firm "traps" him past sealing him within a serial of locked chambers; alone and insane, Holloway records a series of unsettling final messages on a video camera earlier filming himself committing suicide. The tape of his decease is recovered by Will from the labyrinth. The seconds leading upwards to the end of the tape reveal that either ane) Holloway'south corpse is devoured by the "monster" he is convinced is real or 2) Holloway merely disappears into the black of the house.

When the House begins to attempt to harm the others late in the novel, Reston calls out Holloway's name. Whether Holloway had some influence on the house'due south actions (before or after his suicide) is left ambiguous.

Minor characters in The Navidson Record [edit]

Kirby 'Wax' Hook: Another explorer of the labyrinth in Navidson'due south house. He is ultimately shot in the shoulder past Holloway, but he survives. The House leaves him with limited functionality in that shoulder, and an inexplicable case of impotence. However, after Navidson reenters the House for a 5th and concluding exploration, these symptoms disappear. Wax has a reputation every bit a flirt, who constantly attempts to hook upwardly with women. He kisses Karen Green, a scene which Volition later witnesses on photographic camera.

Jed Leeder: The third explorer of the labyrinth in Navidson's house. He is shot by Holloway in the jaw, killing him.

Republic of chad Navidson: Will Navidson and Karen Green'southward son, the older sibling. Effectually the times of the explorations, Republic of chad is described as becoming increasingly aggressive and wandering.

Daisy Navidson: Will Navidson and Karen Dark-green's daughter. During the explorations of the house, Daisy is described as suffering from echolalia.

Format [edit]

Danielewski wrote the volume in longhand and revised it with a give-and-take processor. He then flew to Pantheon's NY headquarters to do the typesetting himself in QuarkXPress because he only trusted himself with the volume'southward vision.^[7]

Colors [edit]

Firm of Leaves includes frequent and seemingly systematic color changes. While Danielewski leaves much of the estimation of the pick of colors up to the reader, several singled-out patterns emerge upon closer examination.^[viii]

Notable examples include:

The discussion "house" is colored blueish (grayness for non-color editions of the book and light grey for ruddy editions). In many places throughout the book, information technology is offset from the rest of the text in different directions at different times. Strange-linguistic communication equivalents of firm, such as the High german Haus and the French maison , are as well blue. These colorizations even extend to text on the book's copyright folio.
In all colored editions, the word minotaur and all struckthrough passages are colored red.
Many references to Johnny's female parent are colored purple.

Font changes [edit]

Throughout the volume, various changes in font serve as a style for the reader to quickly determine which of its multiple narrators' work they are currently following. In the volume, in that location are four fonts used by the four narrators. These are: Times New Roman (Zampanò), Courier (Johnny), Bookman (The Editors), and Dante (Johnny's mother).^[9] (Additional font changes are used intermittently—Janson for moving picture intertitles, Book Antiqua for a letter written by Navidson, and so on.)

Companion works [edit]

The volume was followed past a companion slice called The Whalestoe Letters, a serial of letters written to the grapheme Johnny Truant by his mother while she was bars in a mental institution. Some (but not all) of the letters are included in the second edition.

House of Leaves was accompanied by a companion piece (or vice versa), a full-length anthology chosen Haunted recorded by Danielewski's sis, Anne Danielewski, known professionally as Poe. The ii works cross-pollinated heavily over the course of their creations, each inspiring the other in various ways. Poe'southward statement on the connection between the two works is that they are parallax views of the same story. House of Leaves references Poe and her songs several times, not only limited to her album Haunted, but Hello also. I example occurs when the graphic symbol Karen Green is interviewing various academics on their interpretations of the short moving-picture show "Exploration #iv"; she consults a "Poet," but there is a space between the "Poe" and the "t," suggesting that Poe at one point commented on the book. Information technology may besides be a reference to Edgar Allan Poe.

The album Haunted also draws heavily from the novel, featuring tracks chosen "House of Leaves", "Exploration B" and "5&½ Minute Hallway", and many less obvious references. The video for "Hey Pretty" also features Mark Danielewski reading from House of Leaves (pp. 88–89), and in House of Leaves, the band Liberty Bong'southward lyrics were likewise songs on Poe'south anthology.

In 2017, Danielewski entered talks to adapt the novel into a TV serial.^[ten] ^[eleven] with Danielewski stating that if a deal was non fabricated by Feb 2020, the project would be abandoned.^[12] However, the screenplays have since been published online.^[xiii] The screenplays present a sequel to the book, extending the story to the nowadays day: the starting time three published episodes set up a conflict between Mélisande Avignon, a filmmaker who witnessed and filmed Johnny'due south discovery of The Navidson Record, and Skiadyne, a "data disposal" visitor which successfully suppressed public noesis of both The Navidson Tape and Avignon'south motion-picture show. Both sides, joined past private security personnel, fight for control of the films after unknown parties steal the films from Skiadyne and render them to Avignon.

Reception [edit]

Stephen Poole, writing in the Guardian, admired the book's parody of academia: "Danielewski...weaves effectually his brutally efficient and genuinely spooky story a delightful and oftentimes very funny satire of bookish criticism."^[14] Steven Moore, writing in The Washington Post, too praised the novel: "Danielewski'south achievement lies in taking some staples of horror fiction – the haunted firm, the mysterious manuscript that casts a spell on its hapless reader – and using his impressive erudition to recover the mythological and psychological origins of horror, and then enlisting the full assortment of avant-garde literary techniques to reinvigorate a genre long abandoned to hacks."^[15] The Hamlet Vocalisation'due south Emily Barton was less impressed: "Danielewski's bloated and bollixed offset novel certainly attempts to pass itself off as an ambitious work; the question for each reader is if the payoff makes the endeavour of slogging through its endless posturing worthwhile."^[16]

References [edit]

^ Spud, Cath (22 November 2013). "Book Brawl: Business firm of Leaves vs. Nighttime Motion picture". LitReactor. Archived from the original on nine May 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
^ Corrigan, Marianne; Ogden, Ash (2013). "Explorations in the Ergodic". Alluvium. 2 (2). doi:10.7766/alluvium.v2.2.01. Archived from the original on 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2016-04-25 .
^ Ane such footnote references Not Truthful, Man: Mi Ata Beni? by Eta Ruccalla. Another references "All Accurate" by Nam Eurtton. Notation that "Eta Ruccalla" is "All Accurate" backwards, and "Nam Eurtton" is "Not Truthful, Human" backwards.^{[ citation needed ]}
^ Wittmershaus, Eric (2000-05-06), "Contour: Mark Z. Danielewski", Flak Magazine, archived from the original on 2011-06-29, retrieved 2008-07-nineteen
^ Poole, Steven (2000-07-15), "Gothic scholar", Guardian Unlimited, archived from the original on 2007-02-13, retrieved 2007-03-04
^ Borges: Influence and References: Mark Z. Danielewski. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Archived 2014-10-fifteen at the Wayback Car
^ Kirschenbaum, Matthew M. Track Changes: A Literary History of Discussion Processing, folio 203.
^ Wittmershaus, Eric (2000-05-06), "Review of House of Leaves", Flak Mag, archived from the original on 2007-02-ten, retrieved 2007-02-10
^ Hawthorne, Elise (March 14, 2010). "Font Functions in "House of Leaves"". Archived from the original on Dec 1, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
^ Wampler, Scott (July 9, 2018). "Mark Z. Danielewski Wrote The Pilot For A HOUSE OF LEAVES TV Serial". Birth.Movies.Decease. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved Dec 10, 2018.
^ Hughes, William (July 11, 2018). "Marking Z. Danielewski's script for a House Of Leaves TV pilot is just every bit bewildering and fascinating as the book". The A.5. Club. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved Dec 10, 2018.
^ @markdanielewski (23 September 2019). ""If a bargain isn't in place by February..."" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ @markdanielewski (March 10, 2020). ""Where've you been? Read them now!"" (Tweet). Retrieved September 17, 2020 – via Twitter.
^ Poole, Steven (2000-07-15). "Guardian review: House of Leaves by Marking Z Danielewski". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 2019-12-07. Retrieved 2019-12-07 .
^ Moore, Steven (2000-04-09). "The Ash Tree Project". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2019-12-07 .
^ Barton, Emily (2000-04-11). "Typographical Terror". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on 2019-12-08. Retrieved 2019-12-07 .

Sources [edit]

Danielewski, Mark Z. (2000-03-07), House of Leaves (2nd ed.), New York: Pantheon Books, Random Business firm ISBN 0375703764 paperback. ISBN 0-375-42052-five hardcover. ISBN 0-375-41034-1 hardcover/signed.

External links [edit]

House of Leaves official forum
Random House Reader's Guide
Interview by Eric Wittmershaus (archive) on The Modernistic Word
Review by Powell'south Books (archive)
Review by Shipwreck Library (original link)
Review by Ted Gioia of The New Canon (blog)
Review of House of Leaves: The Screenplay by Justin Bruce

brownthoung.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Leaves

Was Johnny Truant Alive House of Leaves Baby

Plot summary [edit]

The Navidson Record [edit]

Johnny'south story [edit]

The Whalestoe Messages [edit]

Characters [edit]

Johnny's story [edit]

Johnny Truant [edit]

Zampanò [edit]

Pelafina H. Lièvre [edit]

Minor characters in Johnny'due south story [edit]

The Navidson Record [edit]

Will Navidson [edit]

Karen Green [edit]

Tom Navidson [edit]

Billy Reston [edit]

Holloway Roberts [edit]

Minor characters in The Navidson Record [edit]

Format [edit]

Colors [edit]

Font changes [edit]

Companion works [edit]

Reception [edit]

References [edit]

Sources [edit]

Further reading [edit]

External links [edit]

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